The symbolic in drama; 2. Theoretical beginnings: Wagner and Nietzsche; 3. Symbolic theatre: Appia and lighting design Tristan und Isolde (1899 and 1923); 4. Symbolist drama: Ibsen to Maeterlinck and Lugné-Poe Hedda Gabler (1890), Pelléas et Mélisande (1893); 6.